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Numerous other Scientologist-run companies and organizations belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which accredits making use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated services. WISE needs those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This section needs growth. You can assist by adding to it. In order to facilitate the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or reputable people. Perth Scientology. Though it has achieved some credibility as a religious beliefs in many countries, Scientology has actually likewise been described as both a cult and a business enterprise.
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For instance, it has actually been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Level playing field individuals it views as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of fraud, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, harmful libel versus lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to established social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were business and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama administration to examine, as determined in an internet survey run by the presidential shift group soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was produced with its head workplace located at best site Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later renamed the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated one of the biggest penetration of United States federal firms ever committed by an organization not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense committed by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No individual or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past used aggressive tactics in resolving those it sees as trying to suppress them, understood as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first outlined by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper understood to have been managed by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb risks in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent out Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.